Myth #4: Design documents are not necessary

Design documents are fundamental to the success of training projects, helping define target audience, level of difficulty, training objectives, course structure, and instructional design strategies. Further, they serve as a reference point throughout the project, ensuring consistency, quality, and scope.

Reality

The design document defines the primary and secondary roles the training is intended for. It also clarifies the expected personas (prior knowledge, skillsets, vertical industries) of these different roles. Following are example target audience roles and personas:

  • Primary roles: Data Engineers, Data Architects

  • Secondary roles: Data Analysts, BI Engineers

  • Personas: Technical Beginners, Manufacturing Specialists

Target audience

The design document clarifies the difficulty or complexity of the knowledge and skills to be learned. This helps set expectations and assign prerequisite knowledge and skills. Following are example course levels:

  • 100 - Fundamental

  • 200 - Intermediate

  • 300 - Advanced

  • 400 - Expert

Level of difficulty

The design document ensures a business-aligned and performance-based learning experience by defining the business problem statement, terminal learning objective (TLO), and enabling learning objectives (ELOs).

Training objectives

  • A single statement clearly defining the customer opportunity or business problem we are trying to solve via a training solution.

    Related questions:

    • What evidence (data/anecdotes) leads you to believe training is the right solution for this problem?

    • Are the current vs. desired business and performance goals and their measures clearly defined? (helps ensure we can show the impact of our work to the business)

  • A single statement of the desired observable behavior learners will start performing as a result of the training solution. A multi-course training program will have multiple TLOs.

    Examples:

    • Deploy a custom implementation of solution X so that you can achieve benefit Y.

    • Perform task X so that you can achieve benefit Y.

    Related questions:

    • What is the performance context? (Typically includes related workflows, people collaborations, tools/applications, and documentation/resources needed to properly perform the terminal behavior)

    • What is the degree of mastery? (A clear measure of how well the terminal behavior needs to be performed)

    • What assessment mechanism are we going to use to validate success? (Provides evidence that the learners have achieved the terminal behavior)

  • A collection of statements to define the supporting knowledge and skills critical to achieving the terminal learning objective.

    Examples:

    • Recognize challenges a customer can have because they are not using solution X.

    • Identify the benefits and impact of implementing solution X.

    • Demonstrate performing the tasks and steps of solution X.

    Related questions:

    • What does the target audience need to do and know to be able to properly perform the terminal behavior? (e.g., workflows, processes, tasks, steps, concepts, and guidelines)

    • What makes the behavior change difficult? What mistakes is the learner making when trying to take desired actions? (Helps identify the learners’ attitudes and potential difficulties preventing them from learning or performing)

Dr Philippa Hardman suggests the following elements of a well-written TLO:

Example terminal learning objective with elements highlighted. The four elements are described next on the page.
  • The terminal learning objective makes it clear to the learner what they will DO. We don't yet care about what they need to know (knowledge) or feel (attitude).

  • The terminal learning objective is labeled with information on where it sits in the learner’s Zone of Proximal Development (entry, mid, or mastery level of difficulty). This enables us to sequence objectives with entry to mastery, which plays a key part in driving learner motivation.

  • It is clear to the learner that there is a concrete outcome achieved in less than an hour, which drives a sense of mastery.

  • The terminal learning objective makes it clear to the learner why they should do this, which drives intrinsic motivation. Make sure the “So what” or value proposition is always clear.

  • Define
    Identify
    Indicate
    Label
    List
    Match
    Name
    Outline
    Quote
    Recall
    Recite
    Recognize
    Record
    Relate
    Repeat
    Select
    State

  • Classify
    Compile
    Conclude
    Contrast
    Discuss
    Describe
    Explain
    Express
    Give original examples of
    Identify
    Interpret
    Paraphrase
    Recognize
    Restate
    Summarize
    Translate

  • Apply
    Calculate
    Demonstrate
    Develop
    Illustrate
    Interpret
    Locate
    Operate
    Model
    Perform
    Practice
    Predict
    Present
    Query
    Report
    Solve
    Use

  • Analyze
    Consider
    Explore
    Associate
    Break down
    Calculate
    Categorize
    Classify
    Criticize
    Compare
    Contrast
    Determine
    Diagram
    Differentiate
    Distinguish
    Examine
    Illustrate
    Outline
    Simplify
    Test

  • Argue
    Assess
    Choose
    Compare
    Contrast
    Convince
    Critique
    Decide
    Defend
    Determine
    Establish
    Evaluate
    Grade
    Judge
    Justify
    Measure
    Rate
    Recommend
    Relate
    Select
    Support

  • Arrange
    Assemble
    Build
    Compose
    Configure
    Construct
    Create
    Derive
    Design
    Develop
    Diagnose
    Formulate
    Generate
    Invent
    Manage
    Modify
    Organize
    Plan
    Propose
    Relate
    Summarize

The following is a list of sample action verbs organized via the cognitive processing dimension of Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy.

Sample action verbs

Resources